The history of 45 RPM (revolutions per minute) records is a fascinating journey through the evolution of music and the recording industry. Here’s a look at the key milestones and developments in the history of 45 RPM records:
1. Early Record Formats: Before the introduction of the 45 RPM record, the 78 RPM format was the standard for singles and albums. However, 78s had limitations, including fragility and limited recording time.
2. RCA Victor’s Innovation: In 1949, RCA Victor introduced the 45 RPM record as a new format for singles. This format featured a smaller, 7-inch disc with a large center hole. RCA marketed it as a more durable and affordable option for consumers.
3. Speed and Convenience: The 45 RPM speed allowed for approximately 4 minutes of music per side, making it ideal for single-song releases. Its smaller size and large center hole made it easy for jukeboxes to play the records.
4. Vinyl Material: Early 45s were made from a type of plastic called polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or simply vinyl. Vinyl records were more durable and less prone to breakage compared to the shellac material used for 78 RPM records.
5. The “Single” Emerges: The 45 RPM record format became synonymous with the “single,” a term used to describe a single song release as opposed to a full album. The 45 RPM single was the primary format for popular music for several decades.
6. Color-Coding: To help identify the musical genre or style of a 45 RPM record, RCA Victor introduced a color-coding system for the labels. This system assigned different colors to various musical categories, making it easier for consumers to find the type of music they wanted.
7. Jukebox Popularity: 45 RPM records quickly gained popularity in jukeboxes, which were a staple of bars, diners, and entertainment venues during the mid-20th century. Jukeboxes made it easy for patrons to select and enjoy their favorite songs.
8. Charting Success: The Billboard Hot 100 chart, established in 1958, became a definitive ranking of popular music singles. 45 RPM records played a significant role in the chart’s early history.
9. Album Releases: While 45 RPM records were primarily associated with singles, they were also used for EPs (extended play) and some album releases. EPs typically contained multiple songs but were shorter than full albums.
10. Decline and Transition: In the 1960s and 1970s, the 45 RPM format began to decline in popularity as the 33 1/3 RPM LP (long-playing) format became the standard for albums. However, singles continued to be released on 45s.
11. Collectibility: Over the years, 45 RPM records have become collectible items. Collectors seek rare and limited-edition releases, as well as records from specific artists and eras.
12. Vinyl Resurgence: In recent years, there has been a resurgence of interest in vinyl records, including 45 RPM singles. Some artists and record labels release new music on 45s, catering to both collectors and audiophiles.
Today, 45 RPM records are celebrated not only for their historical significance but also for their unique place in music history. They remain cherished by collectors, audiophiles, and enthusiasts who appreciate the nostalgia and charm of this iconic format.